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- Olga Schoberová was born on 15 March 1943 in Prague, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia [now Czech Republic]. She is an actress, known for Lucrezia (1968), The Vengeance of She (1968) and Le calde notti di Poppea (1969). She was previously married to John Calley and Brad Harris.
- Dagmar Lassander was born on 16 June 1943 in Prague, Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia [now Czech Republic]. She is an actress, known for Devil Fish (1984), Hatchet for the Honeymoon (1970) and I racconti fantastici di Edgar Allan Poe (1979).
- Writer
- Additional Crew
Austrian neurologist and 'father of psychoanalysis'. Freud was born to Jacob Freud, a Jewish wool merchant, and Amalia (neé Nathansohn). The family settled in Vienna when Freud was young. In 1873 he started medicine at the University of Vienna, at which time he adopted the shortened form of his name, "Sigmund." Freud served a year of compulsory military service and got his M.D. in 1881. He then stayed on for another year as a demonstrator in the physiology laboratory. From 1882 to 1886, he worked as an assistant at the General Hospital in Vienna. During this period, Dr. Josef Breuer related to Freud how he had treated a young woman suffering from hysteria with 'talking cures' while in a state of self-hypnosis. This is considered the prototype of psychoanalysis. Late in 1885, Freud went to Paris on grant to study at the Salpetriere, a mental hospital, with the famed French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot. Charcot had pioneered the treatment of nervous disorders by hypnosis. On Freud's return to Vienna in 1886 he took up his post as lecturer in neuropathology at the university and also established a private practice in nervous diseases. In 1887 he established a close friendship with Wilhelm Fliess, the Berlin otolaryngologist, with whom he discussed his work and ideas. Fleiss is called "the midwife of psychoanalysis". In 1891 he and his family moved to an apartment at Berggasse, 19. Here for the next 45 years Freud did most of his psychoanalytical treatments on his patients. Freud's first published work was entitled 'On Aphasia, a Critical Study' (1891). Freud first used the term "psychoanalysis" for his new treatment in 1896. Some of his other famous works include: Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905), Selected Papers on Hysteria and Other Psychoneuroses (1909) and The Interpretation of Dreams (1913). Freud was appointed "Professor Extraordinary" of Neurology at the University in 1902. The same year he had also begun to meet informally at Berggasse, 19, with a group of medical colleagues interested in learning about the new discipline. In 1909 Freud was invited to Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts, with Carl Jung and Sandor Ferenczi, to speak about his theories. An avid cigar smoker he developed cancer of the jaw in 1923. He underwent operations, radiotherapy and the discomfort of an oral prosthetic device that to some extent affected his speech. In 1930 the city of Frankfurt awarded Freud its Goethe Prize for work that had "opened access to the driving forces of the soul." He was elected in 1936 a corresponding member of the Royal Society of London (in the company of Newton and Darwin). The growing danger of anti-Semitism and Nazi persecution made it apparent that the Freuds would suffer the fate of other Jews if they stayed in Vienna. With the help of US government officials Freud, his wife and daughter Anna were allowed to leave Austria. It was Freud's wish to "die in freedom," and so he did in his new home at 20 Maresfield Gardens, which is now the Freud Museum.- Director
- Writer
- Art Department
Edgar G. Ulmer was born on 17 September 1904 in Olmütz, Moravia, Austria-Hungary [now Olomouc, Czech Republic]. He was a director and writer, known for The Naked Dawn (1955), The Black Cat (1934) and Isle of Forgotten Sins (1943). He was married to Shirley Ulmer and Joan Warner. He died on 30 September 1972 in Woodland Hills, Los Angeles, California, USA.- Actress
- Soundtrack
Iva Janzurová was born on 19 May 1941 in Zirovnice, Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia [now Czech Republic]. She is an actress, known for Eeny Meeny (2000), Výlet (2002) and Co chytnes v zite (1998).- Actor
- Director
- Writer
Friedrich von Thun was born on 30 June 1942 in Kwassitz, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia [now Kvasice, Moravia, Czech Republic]. He is an actor and director, known for Schindler's List (1993), Die Verbrechen des Professor Capellari (1998) and Cold Hell (2017). He was previously married to Gabriele (Gaby) Schniewind and Gabriele (Yella) Bleyler.- Jan Vlasák was born on 3 February 1943 in Caslav, Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia [now Czech Republic]. He is an actor, known for Hostel (2005), The Red Baron (2008) and Circus Bukowsky (2013).
- Music Department
- Composer
- Writer
Erich Wolfgang Korngold was the son of a well-known music critic. A child prodigy, he accompanied his father in playing four-handed piano arrangements by the age of five. By the age of eleven he drew his first plaudits from enthusiastic Viennese audiences (including the emperor Franz Josef) with his ballet-pantomime "Der Schneeman" (The Snow Man). Two years later, he wrote a piano sonata which was performed by Artur Schnabel. Korngold composed his first orchestral piece at 14 and attracted the attention of Richard Strauss, Gustav Mahler and many other prominent composers and conductors. In 1920, he conducted the Hamburg Opera performing his seminal work "Die tote Stadt" which became a huge international success. Thus embarked upon a promising career as a serious composer, Korngold was invited to the United States by Max Reinhardt to score A Midsummer Night's Dream (1935) -- and decided to stay. He was certainly grateful for the chance to escape Adolf Hitler's annexation of Austria. In 1943, Korngold became an American citizen.
Korngold was the first composer of international renown to be signed by Hollywood despite having no prior experience with film music. His approach to the medium was predominantly theatrical and operatic (he once described Tosca as "the best film score ever written"). A master of technique, credited with "inventing" the syntax of orchestral film music, he composed at the piano with projectionists running reels at his behest. Often, he worked in conjunction with the orchestra of Hugo Friedhofer who became his closest collaborator. Under contract to Warner Brothers from 1935 to 1947, Korngold picked up Academy Awards for Anthony Adverse (1936) and The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938). His stirring and string-laden scores were ideally suited for such high-octane Errol Flynn swashbucklers as Captain Blood (1935) and The Sea Hawk (1940). In the final analysis, other notable film composers, including even the great Max Steiner, admitted to being influenced by Korngold's work. His 1937 violin concerto which used various elements from his film music became one of the most prolifically performed classical concerts of the 20th century.
Korngold would have longed to resume his career as a serious composer. However, after the war ended, he found that the world of serious music had passed him by. In 1949, he returned to Vienna with his wife but found the city in ruins and much changed. A year later, disillusioned, he moved back to his home in the Toluca Lake district in North Hollywood. During the final ten years of his life he composed almost exclusively for concert halls. In 1956, he suffered a stroke which left him partially paralysed and he died a year later at the age of 60 from a heart attack.- Actress
- Writer
- Soundtrack
Jana Brejchová was born on 20 January 1940 in Prague, Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia [now Czech Republic]. She is an actress and writer, known for Beauty in Trouble (2006), Higher Principle (1960) and Das Haus in der Karpfengasse (1965). She was previously married to Jirí Zahajský, Vlastimil Brodský, Ulrich Thein and Milos Forman.- Leopoldine Konstantin was born on 12 March 1886 in Brünn, Moravia, Austria-Hungary [now Brno, Czech Republic]. She was an actress, known for Notorious (1946), Lola Montez (1918) and Die Insel der Seligen (1913). She was married to Geza Herczeg and Alexander Strakosch. She died on 14 December 1965 in Hietzing, Vienna, Austria.
- Actor
- Writer
- Director
A portly, somewhat grubby and bohemian-looking character star, Hugo Haas was one of the most celebrated Czech actors back in the 30s, a comic star who only grew in stature as he delved creatively into writing, directing and producing. The Nazi invasion forced him to leave his beloved country and come to the United States. Like a fish out of water, he had to start small. Beginning as an announcer on US broadcasts to the Eastern Europe underground, he also offered his talents as a narrator of propaganda films.
After the war, Haas revitalized his acting career with flashy, thick-accented support roles, often as a slick, seedy villain in lavish costumers. He enjoyed a certain amount of popularity and with the money he made, he began financing his own independent films in the 50s, taking total creative control with almost a Svengali-like obsession.
This time around, however, there was little of the adulation he had reaped so easily back in his homeland. With such lurid titles as Pickup (1951), Thy Neighbor's Wife (1953), and Bait (1954), these vehicles smacked hard of sensationalism and he and his films were generally dismissed. Many were badly acted and obviously cheap and cheesy in production values. A recurring "Blue Angel"-styled theme appeared in many of Hugo's starring vehicle whereas an older respectable man was seduced and ruined by the charms of a much younger hussy (blonde, busty bombshells such as Cleo Moore, Beverly Michaels, and (former "Miss Universe") Carol Morris.
Haas' reputation was so tainted by these so-called vanity projects that he was quickly dubbed the "foreign Ed Wood", which was unfair given his earlier reputation. Haas was planning to return to his native land in 1968 when the Russians seized control. Profoundly disheartened and depressed by the current state of affairs in his country, the homesick actor, who also suffered from an asthmatic condition, died shortly after of heart failure. He should be better remembered today than he is. He is solid proof that Hollywood has a way of sometimes robbing a person of his artistic creativity or integrity.- Actor
- Soundtrack
Václav Neckár was born on 23 October 1943 in Prague, Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia [now Czech Republic]. He is an actor, known for Closely Watched Trains (1966), Malé letní blues (1968) and Blues pro EFB (1980).- Oskar Schindler was born on 28 April 1908 in Zwittau, Moravia, Austria-Hungary [now Svitavy, Czech Republic]. He was married to Emilie Schindler. He died on 9 October 1974 in Hildesheim, Lower Saxony, Germany.
- Director
- Writer
- Actor
Vít Olmer was born on 19 June 1942 in Prague, Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia [now Czech Republic]. He is a director and writer, known for Jeste vetsí blbec, nez jsme doufali (1994), Waterloo po cesku (2002) and Dívka (1967).- Martin Miller was born on 2 September 1899 in Kremsier, Moravia, Austria-Hungary [now Kromeriz, Czech Republic]. He was an actor, known for Exodus (1960), Peeping Tom (1960) and The Pink Panther (1963). He was married to Hannah Norbert. He died on 26 August 1969 in Innsbruck, Austria.
- Karla Chadimová was born on 13 June 1943 in Prague, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia [now Czech Republic]. She is an actress, known for Das unsichtbare Visier (1973), Airwolf (1984) and Eichholz und Söhne (1977). She was previously married to Jan Tríska.
- Jana Synková was born on 18 April 1944 in Prague, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia [now Czech Republic]. She is an actress, known for Saturnin (1994), Bear with Us (2018) and Accumulator 1 (1994). She has been married to Jan Schmid since 1974. They have two children.
- Actor
- Soundtrack
Josef Abrhám was born on 14 December 1939 in Zlín, Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia [now Czech Republic]. He was an actor, known for Valerie and Her Week of Wonders (1970), Leaving (2011) and Beauty in Trouble (2006). He was married to Libuse Safránková. He died on 16 May 2022 in Melnik, Bohemia, Czech Republic.- Actor
- Soundtrack
Petr Cepek was born on 16 September 1940 in Prague, Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia [now Czech Republic]. He was an actor, known for Faust (1994), I Killed Einstein, Gentlemen (1970) and The Three Veterans (1984). He was married to Ivana Cepková and Helena Rytírová. He died on 20 September 1994 in Vrchlabi, Czech Republic.- Writer
- Director
- Actor
Otakar Votocek was born on 22 July 1943 in Prague, Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia [now Czech Republic]. He is a writer and director, known for Wings of Fame (1990), Turkse Video (1984) and Rotterdam drieluik (1984).- Director
- Editor
- Writer
Eckhart Schmidt born: October 31, 1938 in Sternberg, Moravia [now Czech Republic]. He is a director, writer, producer, photographer and journalist. Eckhart Schmidt was a film critic at Süddeutsche Zeitung and belonged to a group of young German filmmakers called Neue Münchener Gruppe (NMG). Unlike other contemporary German film associations the NMG was more commercially focused and targeting the young audience. Schmidt's early works often explored the sexual tension and fantasies among young people on the make. In 1978 he created the punk magazine "Die Sau". A lot of cutting-edge musicians wrote for it, like David Byrne, Devo, and Patti Smith. Eckhart Schmidt's commercial breakthrough in the movies was "Der Fan" (1982), which tells the story of a girl obsessed with a pop star. Since the mid 90's he has mostly been making television documentaries. Eckhart Schmidt has directed 22 feature films, 79 documentaries and written 16 books.- Actress
- Soundtrack
Christine Schorn was born on 1 February 1944 in Prague, Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia [now Czech Republic]. She is an actress, known for Good Bye Lenin! (2003), Die Beunruhigung (1982) and Eine sonderbare Liebe (1984).- Viktor Staal was born on 17 February 1909 in Frankenstadt, Moravia, Austria-Hungary [now Franstat pod Radhostem, Czech Republic]. He was an actor, known for Via Mala (1945), Die Sklavenkarawane (1958) and Mathilde Möhring (1950). He was married to Hansi Knoteck. He died on 4 June 1982 in Munich, Bavaria, West Germany.
- Actor
- Writer
- Soundtrack
Josef Dvorák was born on 25 April 1942 in Horní Cerekev, Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia [now Czech Republic]. He is an actor and writer, known for Hospital at the End of the City Twenty Years On (2003), Arabela se vrací (1993) and Hospital at the End of the City (1977).- Brecher was a 1900 graduate of the University of Heidelberg in Germany and then toured Austria and Germany acting on the stage. He also served as the chief director of the Stadts Theatre in Vienna before going to the U.S. in 1921. He became a naturalized American citizen on 9 May, 1927, along with his wife Essie and 8-year-old daughter Suse. In 1929, Brecher moved to Hollywood and appeared in foreign language versions of American films. He played in a number of horror films and espionage films during the 30s and 40s. Probably best remembered for his role in So Dark the Night (1946), Brecher died of a heart attack that same year.
- Actor
- Soundtrack
Jan Nemejovský was born on 8 February 1944 in Prague, Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia. He is an actor, known for A Knight's Tale (2001), Kafka (1991) and Bad Company (2002).- Actor
- Soundtrack
Vladimír Pucholt was born on 30 December 1942 in Prague, Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia [now Czech Republic]. He is an actor, known for Loves of a Blonde (1965), Starci na chmelu (1964) and Malatesta (1970).- Paul Demel was born on 14 May 1903 in Brünn, Moravia, Austria-Hungary [now Brno, Czech Republic]. He was an actor, known for It Happened in Soho (1948), The Man from Morocco (1945) and The Great Manhunt (1950). He died on 31 August 1951 in Munich, Bavaria, Germany.
- Actress
- Soundtrack
Carmen Mayerová was born on 11 September 1944 in Trutnov, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia [now Czech Republic]. She is an actress, known for The Cremator (1969), Jeden den pre starú paniu (1967) and Pet muzu a jedno srdce (1971). She is married to Petr Kostka. They have one child.- Actor
- Composer
- Music Department
Karel Gott was born on 14 July 1939 in Pilsen, Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia [now Plzen, Czech Republic]. He was an actor and composer, known for Bad Company (2002), Starci na chmelu (1964) and Three Wishes for Cinderella (1973). He was married to Ivana Gottová. He died on 1 October 2019 in Prague, Czech Republic.- Actor
- Music Department
- Soundtrack
Karel Cernoch was born on 12 October 1943 in Prague, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia [now Czech Republic]. He was an actor, known for Zpevaci na kraji nemocnice (1982), Jak básníkum chutná zivot (1988) and Bylo ctvrt a bude pul (1968). He died on 27 December 2007 in Prague, Czech Republic.- Writer
- Director
- Additional Crew
Jirí Brdecka was a Czech animator, film director, screenwriter, and satirist. He was born in the city of Hranice in Moravia, which was then part of Austria-Hungary. His father was the author Otakar Brdecka (1881 - 1930), who published works under the pen name "Alfa".
Brdecka was educated at the Charles University in Prague, where he studied philosophy and aesthetics. The German occupation in Czechoslovakia resulted in the shut down of the university in 1939, forcing Brdecka to seek employment,.He was hired as an administrative clerk by the Prague Municipal Museum, while moonlighting as a journalist and cartoonist for various newspapers.
From 1941 to 1942, Brdecka was employed as a press agent by the film studio Lucernafilm. In 1943, he started working as an animator, producing a number of short films. By the late 1940s, Brdecka was employed as a film director and screenwriter at Barrandov Studios. In 1958, he started directing his own animated feature films, while continuing to serve as a screenwriter for many other directors.
Besides his film career, Brdecka had side careers as a journalist, a film critic, and a novelist.His works on and off the screen were noted for their satirical content. As a screenwriter, he often worked on parody films, such as the comedy western "Lemonade Joe".
Brdecka died in 1982. He was 64-years-old. His daughter Tereza Brdecková had her own career as a film critic.- Actor
- Second Unit Director or Assistant Director
Wolf Harnisch was born on 10 February 1918 in Brünn, Moravia, Austria-Hungary. He was an actor and assistant director, known for Battle of Britain (1969), Roselyne and the Lions (1988) and A Time to Love and a Time to Die (1958). He died on 2 February 1992 in Munich, Bavaria, Germany.- Grete Berger was born on 11 February 1883 in Jägerndorf, Moravia, Austria-Hungary [now Krnov, Czech Republic]. She was an actress, known for Dr. Mabuse, the Gambler (1922), The Student of Prague (1913) and Ein Sommernachtstraum in unserer Zeit (1914). She was married to Hanns Heinz Ewers. She died on 23 May 1944 in KZ Auschwitz, Germany.
- Visual Effects
- Special Effects
- Art Department
Czech-born Ferdinand Sersen arrived in the U.S. in 1907 and made his home in Los Angeles around the year 1920. Having completed an extensive education at the Los Angeles School of Art and Design, the Portland Art Academy and the San Francisco Institute of Art, he went on to become a prodigious painter of watercolour landscapes, many of which have been exhibited in galleries along the West Coast. Sersen also began forging a career in the film industry. By 1930, he worked in the art department of Fox as a set designer and scenic artist. He was among the first to successfully combine live action scenes with both matte shots and miniatures. Becoming the leading visual effects photographer at the re-formed 20th Century Fox, Sersen set up one of the best special effects departments in Hollywood, by 1937 supervising a large team of matte painters, optical effects experts, miniature builders, editors and cameramen.
Sersen was nominated for no less than eight Academy Awards, winning two. Possibly his finest achievement was staging the spectacular earthquake and flood scenes of The Rains Came (1939), inundating an expensive set of 24 buildings, including a lavish Indian palace, with 2,250,000 gallons of water. His numerous other credits include masterminding the impressive destruction sequences for In Old Chicago (1938); the canal building of Suez (1938) and the massive sirocco delivered by 34 wind machines (which ended up propelling five hapless stunt women across a 20-acre fake desert); the maritime miniature and pyrotechnics work for Alfred Hitchcock's Lifeboat (1944); and Michael Rennie's flying saucer (a miniature, just eight feet across) from The Day the Earth Stood Still (1951).
Sersen's work was eventually carried on by his closest collaborator, Ray Kellogg, who took over the reigns of special effects at Fox in 1954. Sersen nominally retired at this time, but continued on for several more years as an unofficial consultant.- Oldrich Vlach was born on 3 July 1941 in Bezdekov u Klatov, Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia [now Czech Republic]. He is an actor, known for Mnága - Happy End (1996), Ordinace v ruzové zahrade (2005) and The Land Gone Wild (1997).
- Gabriela Wilhelmová was born on 19 January 1942 in Prostejov, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia [now Czech Republic]. She was an actress, known for Racajda (1989), Holky z porcelánu (1975) and How About a Plate of Spinach? (1977). She died on 14 October 2002 in Praha, Czech Republic.
- Writer
- Actor
Robert Thoeren was born on 21 April 1903 in Brünn, Moravia, Austria-Hungary [now Brno, Czech Republic]. He was a writer and actor, known for Some Like It Hot (1959), The Fighting O'Flynn (1949) and Singapore (1947). He was married to Erica Beer and Manina Tischler. He died on 13 July 1957 in Munich, Germany.- Actress
- Music Department
- Soundtrack
Pavlína Filipovská was born on 28 May 1941 in Prague, Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia [now Czech Republic]. She is an actress, known for Ta nase písnicka ceská (1967), Kdyby tisíc klarinetu (1965) and Noc na Karlstejne (1974).- Actor
- Director
- Soundtrack
Rudolf Carl was born on 19 June 1899 in Lundenburg, Moravia, Austria-Hungary [now Breclav, Czech Republic]. He was an actor and director, known for Der Leberfleck (1948), Dort in der Wachau (1957) and Der Kosak und die Nachtigall (1935). He was married to Henriette Ahlsen and Valerie Hagen. He died on 15 January 1987 in Graz, Austria.- Vladimír Bejval was born on 31 December 1942 in Prague, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia [now Czech Republic]. He was an actor, known for A Journey to the Beginning of Time (1955), The Proud Princess (1952) and Vzorný kinematograf Haska Jaroslava (1956). He died on 19 September 2011 in Prague, Czech Republic.
- Ladislav Zupanic was born on 9 August 1943 in Prostejov, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia [now Czech Republic]. He was an actor and writer, known for The Mysterious Castle in the Carpathians (1981), Bakalári (1972) and Noc na Karlstejne (1974). He was married to Hana Nováková, Jana Drbohlavová and Helena Drahotová. He died on 9 December 2023 in Prague, Czech Republic.
- Herta Worell was born on 20 September 1908 in Olmütz, Moravia, Austria-Hungary [now Olomouc, Czech Republic]. She was an actress, known for Mädchen in Weiß (1936), Wolken am Himmel (1965) and Die lustigen Vagabunden (1940). She died on 5 April 1996 in Munich, Bavaria, Germany.
- Director
- Writer
- Second Unit Director or Assistant Director
Elmar Klos was born on 26 January 1910 in Brünn, Moravia, Austria-Hungary [now Brno, Czech Republic]. He was a director and writer, known for The Shop on Main Street (1965), Smrt si ríká Engelchen (1963) and Obzalovaný (1964). He died on 19 July 1993 in Prague, Czech Republic.- Actress
- Costume Designer
Jana Stehnová was born on 1 December 1943 in Chrudim, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia [now Czech Republic]. She was an actress and costume designer, known for The Cremator (1969), Birds, Orphans and Fools (1969) and Dovidenia v pekle, priatelia (1990). She died on 30 November 2006 in Praha, Czech Republic.- Actress
- Soundtrack
Jarmila Smejkalová was born on 16 July 1920 in Ostrava, Moravia-Silesia, Czechoslovakia. She was an actress, known for Muzi nestárnou (1942), Krecek v nocní kosili (1988) and Pytlákova schovanka aneb Slechetný milionár (1949). She was married to Rudolf Deyl and Ota Ornest. She died on 17 May 1994 in Prague, Czech Republic.- Actress
- Soundtrack
Marie Drahokoupilová was born on 12 June 1941 in Prague, Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia [now Czech Republic]. She is an actress, known for The Vampire Wedding (1993), Tomorrow I'll Wake Up and Scald Myself with Tea (1977) and Duhový luk (1972).- Ludvík Vaculík was born on 23 July 1926 in Brumov, Moravia, Czechoslovakia. He was a writer, known for 2nd House (1973), This Week (1956) and Literárky - Zápas o mantinely (2001). He was married to Marie (Madla). He died on 6 June 2015 in Prague, Czech Republic.
- Hans Müller was born on 25 October 1882 in Brünn, Moravia, Austria-Hungary [now Brno, Czech Republic]. He was a writer, known for The Smiling Lieutenant (1931), Monte Carlo (1930) and La guerre des valses (1933). He died on 8 March 1950 in Einigen a. Thunersee, Switzerland.
- Director
- Writer
- Actor
Petr Weigl was born on 16 March 1939 in Brno, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia [now Czech Republic]. He was a director and writer, known for Lady Macbeth von Mzensk (1992), Rusalka (1977) and Let's Make an Opera (1996). He died on 14 July 2018 in the Czech Republic.